初步

src/ElectionSystem.Api/Common/Errors/GlobalExceptionHandler.cs

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+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Diagnostics;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+
+namespace ElectionSystem.Api.Common.Errors;
+
+public sealed class GlobalExceptionHandler(ILogger<GlobalExceptionHandler> logger) : IExceptionHandler
+{
+    public async ValueTask<bool> TryHandleAsync(HttpContext httpContext, Exception exception, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var traceId = httpContext.TraceIdentifier;
+        logger.LogError(exception, "Unhandled request failure. TraceId: {TraceId}", traceId);
+        var problem = new ProblemDetails
+        {
+            Status = StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError,
+            Title = "An unexpected error occurred.",
+            Type = "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc9110#section-15.6.1",
+            Instance = httpContext.Request.Path
+        };
+        problem.Extensions["traceId"] = traceId;
+        httpContext.Response.StatusCode = problem.Status.Value;
+        await httpContext.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(problem, cancellationToken);
+        return true;
+    }
+}

src/ElectionSystem.Api/Common/Errors/HealthCheckResponseWriter.cs

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+using System.Text.Json;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Diagnostics.HealthChecks;
+
+namespace ElectionSystem.Api.Common.Errors;
+
+public static class HealthCheckResponseWriter
+{
+    public static Task WriteAsync(HttpContext context, HealthReport report)
+    {
+        context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
+        var payload = new { status = report.Status.ToString(), checks = report.Entries.ToDictionary(entry => entry.Key, entry => entry.Value.Status.ToString()) };
+        return context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonSerializer.Serialize(payload));
+    }
+}

src/ElectionSystem.Api/Common/Pagination/PagedResult.cs

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+namespace ElectionSystem.Api.Common.Pagination;
+
+public sealed record PagedResult<T>(IReadOnlyCollection<T> Items, int Page, int PageSize, long TotalCount)
+{
+    public int TotalPages => (int)Math.Ceiling(TotalCount / (double)PageSize);
+}