src/Jiaowu.Api/Infrastructure/Scheduling/AutomaticScheduleGenerator.cs

@@ -63,9 +63,6 @@ public sealed class AutomaticScheduleGenerator(AppDbContext db)
             .FirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.AcademicTermId == plan.AcademicTermId, cancellationToken)
             ?? ScheduleOptimizationSettings.CreateDefault(plan.AcademicTermId);
 
-        var created = 0;
-        var completedTasks = 0;
-        var processedTasks = 0;
         var messages = new List<string>();
         if (reportProgress is not null)
         {
@@ -74,87 +71,364 @@ public sealed class AutomaticScheduleGenerator(AppDbContext db)
                 cancellationToken);
         }
 
-        foreach (var task in tasks)
+        var optimizer = new GeneticScheduleOptimizer(
+            plan.Id,
+            tasks,
+            constraints,
+            activePeriods,
+            classrooms,
+            entries,
+            optimization);
+        var result = optimizer.Optimize(cancellationToken);
+        db.ScheduleEntries.AddRange(result.Entries);
+        messages.AddRange(result.Messages);
+
+        if (reportProgress is not null)
         {
-            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
-            constraints.TryGetValue(task.Id, out var constraint);
-            var taskCompleted = true;
-            foreach (var kind in new[]
-                     {
-                         ScheduleEntryKind.Lecture,
-                         ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment
-                     })
+            await reportProgress(
+                new(tasks.Count, tasks.Count, result.Entries.Count, result.CompletedTasks),
+                cancellationToken);
+        }
+        if (result.Entries.Count > 0 && saveChanges)
+            await db.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken);
+        return new(
+            result.Entries.Count,
+            result.CompletedTasks,
+            messages,
+            tasks.Count,
+            tasks.Count);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 遗传搜索以完整排课方案作为个体。候选生成、交叉和变异均经修复，
+    /// 因而冲突、容量和课程可用范围始终是不可违反的硬约束。
+    /// </summary>
+    private sealed class GeneticScheduleOptimizer(
+        Guid planId,
+        IReadOnlyList<TeachingTask> tasks,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<Guid, TeachingTaskScheduleConstraint> constraints,
+        HashSet<int> activePeriods,
+        IReadOnlyList<Classroom> classrooms,
+        IReadOnlyList<ScheduleEntry> baselineEntries,
+        ScheduleOptimizationSettings settings)
+    {
+        private const int MinimumPopulationSize = 18;
+        private const int MaximumPopulationSize = 36;
+        private readonly Random random = new();
+
+        public GeneticScheduleOptimizationResult Optimize(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            var messages = new List<string>();
+            var invalidTaskIds = new HashSet<Guid>();
+            var demands = BuildDemands(messages, invalidTaskIds);
+            if (demands.Count == 0)
+                return new([], tasks.Count - invalidTaskIds.Count, messages);
+
+            var candidates = demands.Select(BuildCandidates).ToList();
+            var populationSize = Math.Clamp(demands.Count * 2, MinimumPopulationSize, MaximumPopulationSize);
+            var generationCount = Math.Clamp(demands.Count * 3, 36, 120);
+            var population = Enumerable.Range(0, populationSize)
+                .Select(_ => CreateIndividual(demands, candidates, cancellationToken))
+                .ToList();
+
+            for (var generation = 0; generation < generationCount; generation++)
             {
-                var targetHours = TeachingTaskHours.TargetHours(task.Course!, kind);
-                var scheduledHours = entries
-                    .Where(x =>
-                        x.TeachingTaskId == task.Id &&
-                        x.Kind == kind)
-                    .Sum(TeachingTaskHours.ScheduledHours);
-                var label = kind == ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment ? "实验课" : "理论课";
-                if (scheduledHours > targetHours)
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                population = population.OrderBy(individual => individual.Fitness).ToList();
+                var nextGeneration = new List<GeneticIndividual>
                 {
-                    messages.Add(
-                        $"{task.TaskNumber} · {task.Name} 的{label}已安排 {scheduledHours} 学时，" +
-                        $"超过课程规定的 {targetHours} 学时，请先删除多余课次。");
-                    taskCompleted = false;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                var remainingHours = targetHours - scheduledHours;
-                while (remainingHours > 0)
+                    population[0].Clone(),
+                    population[1].Clone()
+                };
+                while (nextGeneration.Count < populationSize)
                 {
-                    var candidate = FindBestCandidateForHours(
-                        plan.Id,
-                        task,
-                        constraint,
-                        kind,
-                        remainingHours,
-                        activePeriods,
-                        classrooms,
-                        entries,
-                        optimization,
-                        cancellationToken);
-                    if (candidate is null) break;
-
-                    db.ScheduleEntries.Add(candidate);
-                    entries.Add(candidate);
-                    created++;
-                    remainingHours -= TeachingTaskHours.ScheduledHours(candidate);
-                }
-
-                if (remainingHours > 0)
-                {
-                    messages.Add(
-                        $"{task.TaskNumber} · {task.Name} 仍有 {remainingHours} 个{label}学时无法安排，" +
-                        (kind == ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment
-                            ? "请检查实验室/机房容量、教师班级冲突或时间约束。"
-                            : "请检查教师/班级冲突或场地与时间约束。"));
-                    taskCompleted = false;
+                    var firstParent = SelectParent(population);
+                    var secondParent = SelectParent(population);
+                    var child = Crossover(firstParent, secondParent, demands, candidates);
+                    Mutate(child, candidates);
+                    child.Fitness = CalculateFitness(child.Genes);
+                    nextGeneration.Add(child);
                 }
+                population = nextGeneration;
             }
 
-            if (taskCompleted) completedTasks++;
-
-            processedTasks++;
-            if (reportProgress is not null)
+            var best = population.MinBy(individual => individual.Fitness)!;
+            var unscheduled = demands.Select((demand, index) => new { demand, entry = best.Genes[index] })
+                .Where(item => item.entry is null)
+                .GroupBy(item => new { item.demand.Task, item.demand.Kind });
+            foreach (var group in unscheduled)
             {
-                await reportProgress(
-                    new(tasks.Count, processedTasks, created, completedTasks),
-                    cancellationToken);
+                invalidTaskIds.Add(group.Key.Task.Id);
+                var hours = group.Sum(item => item.demand.PeriodCount * item.demand.OccurrenceCount);
+                var label = group.Key.Kind == ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment ? "实验课" : "理论课";
+                messages.Add(
+                    $"{group.Key.Task.TaskNumber} · {group.Key.Task.Name} 仍有 {hours} 个{label}学时无法安排，" +
+                    (group.Key.Kind == ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment
+                        ? "请检查实验室/机房容量、教师班级冲突或时间约束。"
+                        : "请检查教师/班级冲突或场地与时间约束。"));
+            }
+            return new(
+                best.Genes.Where(entry => entry is not null).Select(entry => entry!).ToList(),
+                CountCompletedTasks(best.Genes, invalidTaskIds, demands),
+                messages);
+        }
+
+        private List<ScheduleDemand> BuildDemands(
+            ICollection<string> messages,
+            ISet<Guid> invalidTaskIds)
+        {
+            var result = new List<ScheduleDemand>();
+            foreach (var task in tasks)
+            {
+                constraints.TryGetValue(task.Id, out var constraint);
+                foreach (var kind in new[] { ScheduleEntryKind.Lecture, ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment })
+                {
+                    var targetHours = TeachingTaskHours.TargetHours(task.Course!, kind);
+                    var scheduledHours = baselineEntries
+                        .Where(entry => entry.TeachingTaskId == task.Id && entry.Kind == kind)
+                        .Sum(TeachingTaskHours.ScheduledHours);
+                    var label = kind == ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment ? "实验课" : "理论课";
+                    if (scheduledHours > targetHours)
+                    {
+                        invalidTaskIds.Add(task.Id);
+                        messages.Add(
+                            $"{task.TaskNumber} · {task.Name} 的{label}已安排 {scheduledHours} 学时，" +
+                            $"超过课程规定的 {targetHours} 学时，请先删除多余课次。");
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    var remainingHours = targetHours - scheduledHours;
+                    var weekCount = task.EndWeek - task.StartWeek + 1;
+                    while (remainingHours > 0)
+                    {
+                        var periodCount = remainingHours >= 2 ? 2 : 1;
+                        var occurrenceCount = Math.Min(weekCount, remainingHours / periodCount);
+                        if (occurrenceCount == 0)
+                        {
+                            periodCount = 1;
+                            occurrenceCount = 1;
+                        }
+                        result.Add(new(task, constraint, kind, periodCount, occurrenceCount));
+                        remainingHours -= periodCount * occurrenceCount;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private List<ScheduleEntry> BuildCandidates(ScheduleDemand demand)
+        {
+            var allowedDays = ParseAllowedDays(demand.Constraint?.AllowedDayOfWeeks);
+            var firstPeriod = demand.Constraint?.EarliestPeriod ?? activePeriods.Min();
+            var lastPeriod = demand.Constraint?.LatestPeriod ?? activePeriods.Max();
+            var rooms = EligibleRooms(demand.Task, demand.Constraint, demand.Kind, classrooms);
+            if ((demand.Constraint?.RequiresClassroom ?? true) && rooms.Count == 0)
+                return [];
+
+            var candidates = new List<ScheduleEntry>();
+            for (var startWeek = demand.Task.StartWeek;
+                 startWeek + demand.OccurrenceCount - 1 <= demand.Task.EndWeek;
+                 startWeek++)
+            foreach (var day in allowedDays)
+            for (var start = firstPeriod; start + demand.PeriodCount - 1 <= lastPeriod; start++)
+            {
+                if (Enumerable.Range(start, demand.PeriodCount).Any(period => !activePeriods.Contains(period)))
+                    continue;
+                var roomOptions = demand.Kind != ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment &&
+                                  demand.Constraint?.RequiresClassroom == false
+                    ? new Classroom?[] { null }
+                    : rooms.Cast<Classroom?>().ToArray();
+                foreach (var room in roomOptions)
+                {
+                    var candidate = CreateEntry(demand, startWeek, day, start, room);
+                    if (CanAdd(candidate, baselineEntries))
+                        candidates.Add(candidate);
+                }
+            }
+            return candidates;
+        }
+
+        private GeneticIndividual CreateIndividual(
+            IReadOnlyList<ScheduleDemand> demands,
+            IReadOnlyList<List<ScheduleEntry>> candidates,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            var genes = new ScheduleEntry?[demands.Count];
+            var state = baselineEntries.ToList();
+            foreach (var index in Enumerable.Range(0, demands.Count)
+                         .OrderBy(index => candidates[index].Count)
+                         .ThenBy(_ => random.Next()))
+            {
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                var selected = SelectFeasibleCandidate(candidates[index], state);
+                if (selected is null) continue;
+                genes[index] = selected;
+                state.Add(selected);
+            }
+            return new(genes) { Fitness = CalculateFitness(genes) };
+        }
+
+        private GeneticIndividual Crossover(
+            GeneticIndividual first,
+            GeneticIndividual second,
+            IReadOnlyList<ScheduleDemand> demands,
+            IReadOnlyList<List<ScheduleEntry>> candidates)
+        {
+            var genes = new ScheduleEntry?[demands.Count];
+            var state = baselineEntries.ToList();
+            foreach (var index in Enumerable.Range(0, demands.Count)
+                         .OrderBy(index => candidates[index].Count)
+                         .ThenBy(_ => random.Next()))
+            {
+                var firstChoice = random.Next(2) == 0 ? first.Genes[index] : second.Genes[index];
+                var secondChoice = ReferenceEquals(firstChoice, first.Genes[index])
+                    ? second.Genes[index]
+                    : first.Genes[index];
+                var selected = TryAddClone(firstChoice, state) ??
+                               TryAddClone(secondChoice, state) ??
+                               SelectFeasibleCandidate(candidates[index], state);
+                if (selected is null) continue;
+                genes[index] = selected;
+                state.Add(selected);
+            }
+            return new(genes);
+        }
+
+        private void Mutate(GeneticIndividual individual, IReadOnlyList<List<ScheduleEntry>> candidates)
+        {
+            var mutationCount = Math.Max(1, individual.Genes.Length / 10);
+            for (var mutation = 0; mutation < mutationCount; mutation++)
+            {
+                var index = random.Next(individual.Genes.Length);
+                var state = baselineEntries.Concat(individual.Genes
+                    .Where((_, geneIndex) => geneIndex != index)
+                    .Where(entry => entry is not null)
+                    .Select(entry => entry!)).ToList();
+                var replacement = SelectFeasibleCandidate(candidates[index], state);
+                if (replacement is not null) individual.Genes[index] = replacement;
             }
         }
 
-        if (created > 0 && saveChanges)
-            await db.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken);
-        return new(
-            created,
-            completedTasks,
-            messages,
-            tasks.Count,
-            processedTasks);
+        private GeneticIndividual SelectParent(IReadOnlyList<GeneticIndividual> population)
+        {
+            var first = population[random.Next(population.Count)];
+            var second = population[random.Next(population.Count)];
+            return first.Fitness <= second.Fitness ? first : second;
+        }
+
+        private ScheduleEntry? SelectFeasibleCandidate(
+            IReadOnlyList<ScheduleEntry> candidates,
+            IReadOnlyList<ScheduleEntry> state)
+        {
+            var feasible = candidates.Where(candidate => CanAdd(candidate, state))
+                .OrderBy(candidate => CandidateScore(candidate, state))
+                .Take(8)
+                .ToList();
+            return feasible.Count == 0
+                ? null
+                : CloneEntry(feasible[random.Next(feasible.Count)]);
+        }
+
+        private int CandidateScore(ScheduleEntry candidate, IReadOnlyList<ScheduleEntry> state) =>
+            CalculateSoftConstraintPenalty(
+                candidate.TeachingTask!,
+                candidate,
+                state,
+                settings,
+                activePeriods.Min(),
+                activePeriods.Max());
+
+        private int CalculateFitness(IEnumerable<ScheduleEntry?> genes)
+        {
+            var scheduled = genes.Where(entry => entry is not null).Select(entry => entry!).ToList();
+            var missingPenalty = (genes.Count(entry => entry is null)) * 1_000_000;
+            var score = scheduled.Sum(entry => CandidateScore(entry, baselineEntries.Concat(scheduled)
+                .Where(other => !ReferenceEquals(other, entry)).ToList()));
+            return missingPenalty + score;
+        }
+
+        private int CountCompletedTasks(
+            IReadOnlyList<ScheduleEntry?> genes,
+            ISet<Guid> invalidTaskIds,
+            IReadOnlyList<ScheduleDemand> demands)
+        {
+            var missingTaskIds = demands.Where((_, index) => genes[index] is null)
+                .Select(demand => demand.Task.Id)
+                .ToHashSet();
+            return tasks.Count(task => !invalidTaskIds.Contains(task.Id) &&
+                !missingTaskIds.Contains(task.Id));
+        }
+
+        private static bool CanAdd(ScheduleEntry candidate, IEnumerable<ScheduleEntry> state) =>
+            !state.Any(existing =>
+                ScheduleConflictDetector.TimeOverlaps(existing, candidate) &&
+                ScheduleConflictDetector.ConflictReason(existing, candidate) is not null);
+
+        private static ScheduleEntry? TryAddClone(ScheduleEntry? candidate, IReadOnlyList<ScheduleEntry> state) =>
+            candidate is not null && CanAdd(candidate, state) ? CloneEntry(candidate) : null;
+
+        private ScheduleEntry CreateEntry(
+            ScheduleDemand demand,
+            int startWeek,
+            int day,
+            int startPeriod,
+            Classroom? room) => new()
+        {
+            SchedulePlanId = planId,
+            TeachingTaskId = demand.Task.Id,
+            TeachingTask = demand.Task,
+            Kind = demand.Kind,
+            ClassroomId = room?.Id,
+            DayOfWeek = day,
+            StartPeriod = startPeriod,
+            PeriodCount = demand.PeriodCount,
+            StartWeek = startWeek,
+            EndWeek = startWeek + demand.OccurrenceCount - 1,
+            WeekPattern = WeekPattern.All,
+            Notes = demand.Kind == ScheduleEntryKind.Experiment
+                ? "自动排课 · 遗传算法 · 实验课"
+                : "自动排课 · 遗传算法 · 理论课"
+        };
+
+        private static ScheduleEntry CloneEntry(ScheduleEntry source) => new()
+        {
+            SchedulePlanId = source.SchedulePlanId,
+            TeachingTaskId = source.TeachingTaskId,
+            TeachingTask = source.TeachingTask,
+            Kind = source.Kind,
+            ClassroomId = source.ClassroomId,
+            DayOfWeek = source.DayOfWeek,
+            StartPeriod = source.StartPeriod,
+            PeriodCount = source.PeriodCount,
+            StartWeek = source.StartWeek,
+            EndWeek = source.EndWeek,
+            WeekPattern = source.WeekPattern,
+            Notes = source.Notes
+        };
+
+        private sealed record ScheduleDemand(
+            TeachingTask Task,
+            TeachingTaskScheduleConstraint? Constraint,
+            ScheduleEntryKind Kind,
+            int PeriodCount,
+            int OccurrenceCount);
+
+        private sealed class GeneticIndividual(ScheduleEntry?[] genes)
+        {
+            public ScheduleEntry?[] Genes { get; } = genes;
+            public int Fitness { get; set; }
+            public GeneticIndividual Clone() => new(Genes.Select(entry => entry is null ? null : CloneEntry(entry)).ToArray())
+            {
+                Fitness = Fitness
+            };
+        }
     }
 
+    private sealed record GeneticScheduleOptimizationResult(
+        IReadOnlyList<ScheduleEntry> Entries,
+        int CompletedTasks,
+        IReadOnlyList<string> Messages);
+
     private static ScheduleEntry? FindBestCandidateForHours(
         Guid planId,
         TeachingTask task,

tests/Jiaowu.Api.Tests/AutomaticScheduleGeneratorTests.cs

@@ -346,6 +346,7 @@ public sealed class AutomaticScheduleGeneratorTests
         Assert.Equal(1, entry.StartPeriod);
         Assert.Equal(2, entry.PeriodCount);
         Assert.Null(entry.ClassroomId);
+        Assert.Contains("遗传算法", entry.Notes);
     }
 
     [Fact]

web/src/views/SchedulesView.vue

@@ -1252,8 +1252,8 @@ onBeforeUnmount(() => {
         <el-tab-pane label="自动排课优化" name="optimization">
           <div class="settings-lead">
             <div>
-              <b>自动排课优化策略</b>
-              <span>硬约束始终优先；数值越高，自动排课越会规避对应情况。设为 0 可关闭该偏好。</span>
+              <b>遗传算法优化策略</b>
+              <span>自动排课以遗传算法搜索全局方案；硬约束始终优先，数值越高越会规避对应情况。设为 0 可关闭该偏好。</span>
             </div>
             <el-button type="primary" :loading="optimizationSaving" @click="saveOptimizationSettings">
               保存优化策略