主要改动：

自动排课接口立即返回 202 + jobId
后台服务独立执行，不受浏览器关闭或前端超时影响
进度、成功、失败状态持久化到数据库
服务重启后自动恢复排队中或中断的任务
同一草稿禁止重复提交后台任务
运行期间禁止编辑、发布或删除该课表
排课结果和任务成功状态在同一事务中提交
前端每秒轮询进度，显示已处理教学班和已规划安排数

src/Jiaowu.Api/Controllers/SchedulesController.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
+using System.Security.Claims;
+using System.Text.Json;
 using Jiaowu.Api.Domain.Academic;
 using Jiaowu.Api.Domain.Identity;
 using Jiaowu.Api.Infrastructure.Persistence;
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ namespace Jiaowu.Api.Controllers;
 [Route("api/schedules")]
 public sealed class SchedulesController(
     AppDbContext db,
-    AutomaticScheduleGenerator scheduleGenerator) : ControllerBase
+    AutomaticScheduleJobQueue automaticScheduleJobQueue) : ControllerBase
 {
     private const string ManagementRoles =
         SystemRoles.SuperAdmin + "," +
@@ -128,6 +130,8 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
     {
         var plan = await db.SchedulePlans.FindAsync([id], cancellationToken);
         if (plan is null) return NotFound();
+        if (await HasActiveAutomaticScheduleJobAsync(id, cancellationToken))
+            return AutomaticScheduleRunningProblem();
         if (plan.Status != SchedulePlanStatus.Draft)
             return ConflictProblem("已发布或已归档的排课版本不可直接修改。");
         if (!await db.AcademicTerms.AnyAsync(
@@ -147,6 +151,8 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
         CloneSchedulePlanRequest request,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
+        if (await HasActiveAutomaticScheduleJobAsync(id, cancellationToken))
+            return AutomaticScheduleRunningProblem();
         var source = await db.SchedulePlans.AsNoTracking()
             .Include(x => x.Entries)
             .FirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.Id == id, cancellationToken);
@@ -179,6 +185,8 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
     {
         var plan = await db.SchedulePlans.FindAsync([id], cancellationToken);
         if (plan is null) return NotFound();
+        if (await HasActiveAutomaticScheduleJobAsync(id, cancellationToken))
+            return AutomaticScheduleRunningProblem();
         if (plan.Status != SchedulePlanStatus.Draft)
             return ConflictProblem("仅草稿排课版本可以删除。");
         db.SchedulePlans.Remove(plan);
@@ -188,6 +196,8 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
     [HttpPost("plans/{id:guid}/publish")]
     public async Task<ActionResult> PublishPlan(Guid id, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
+        if (await HasActiveAutomaticScheduleJobAsync(id, cancellationToken))
+            return AutomaticScheduleRunningProblem();
         var plan = await db.SchedulePlans
             .Include(x => x.Entries)
             .ThenInclude(x => x.TeachingTask)
@@ -261,6 +271,8 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
         ScheduleEntryRequest request,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
+        if (await HasActiveAutomaticScheduleJobAsync(planId, cancellationToken))
+            return AutomaticScheduleRunningProblem();
         var plan = await DraftPlanAsync(planId, cancellationToken);
         if (plan is null) return NotFound();
         var validation = await ValidateEntryAsync(plan, null, request, cancellationToken);
@@ -271,14 +283,84 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
     }
 
     [HttpPost("plans/{planId:guid}/auto-schedule")]
-    public async Task<ActionResult> AutoSchedule(
+    public async Task<ActionResult<AutomaticScheduleJobResponse>> AutoSchedule(
         Guid planId,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var plan = await DraftPlanAsync(planId, cancellationToken);
         if (plan is null) return NotFound();
-        var result = await scheduleGenerator.GenerateAsync(plan, cancellationToken);
-        return Ok(result);
+
+        var existing = await db.AutomaticScheduleJobs.AsNoTracking()
+            .FirstOrDefaultAsync(
+                x => x.ActiveSchedulePlanId == planId,
+                cancellationToken);
+        if (existing is not null)
+        {
+            return AcceptedAtAction(
+                nameof(GetAutomaticScheduleJob),
+                new { jobId = existing.Id },
+                ToResponse(existing));
+        }
+
+        var requestedByUserId = Guid.TryParse(
+            User.FindFirstValue(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier),
+            out var userId)
+            ? userId
+            : (Guid?)null;
+        var job = new AutomaticScheduleJob
+        {
+            SchedulePlanId = planId,
+            ActiveSchedulePlanId = planId,
+            RequestedByUserId = requestedByUserId
+        };
+        db.AutomaticScheduleJobs.Add(job);
+        try
+        {
+            await db.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken);
+        }
+        catch (DbUpdateException)
+        {
+            db.Entry(job).State = EntityState.Detached;
+            existing = await db.AutomaticScheduleJobs.AsNoTracking()
+                .FirstOrDefaultAsync(
+                    x => x.ActiveSchedulePlanId == planId,
+                    cancellationToken);
+            if (existing is null) throw;
+            return AcceptedAtAction(
+                nameof(GetAutomaticScheduleJob),
+                new { jobId = existing.Id },
+                ToResponse(existing));
+        }
+
+        automaticScheduleJobQueue.Enqueue(job.Id);
+        return AcceptedAtAction(
+            nameof(GetAutomaticScheduleJob),
+            new { jobId = job.Id },
+            ToResponse(job));
+    }
+
+    [HttpGet("auto-schedule-jobs/{jobId:guid}")]
+    public async Task<ActionResult<AutomaticScheduleJobResponse>>
+        GetAutomaticScheduleJob(
+            Guid jobId,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var job = await db.AutomaticScheduleJobs.AsNoTracking()
+            .FirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.Id == jobId, cancellationToken);
+        return job is null ? NotFound() : Ok(ToResponse(job));
+    }
+
+    [HttpGet("plans/{planId:guid}/auto-schedule-job")]
+    public async Task<ActionResult<AutomaticScheduleJobResponse?>>
+        GetActiveAutomaticScheduleJob(
+            Guid planId,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var job = await db.AutomaticScheduleJobs.AsNoTracking()
+            .Where(x => x.ActiveSchedulePlanId == planId)
+            .OrderByDescending(x => x.CreatedAt)
+            .FirstOrDefaultAsync(cancellationToken);
+        return Ok(job is null ? null : ToResponse(job));
     }
 
     [HttpPut("plans/{planId:guid}/entries/{entryId:guid}")]
@@ -288,6 +370,8 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
         ScheduleEntryRequest request,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
+        if (await HasActiveAutomaticScheduleJobAsync(planId, cancellationToken))
+            return AutomaticScheduleRunningProblem();
         var plan = await DraftPlanAsync(planId, cancellationToken);
         if (plan is null) return NotFound();
         var entry = await db.ScheduleEntries
@@ -315,6 +399,8 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
         Guid entryId,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
+        if (await HasActiveAutomaticScheduleJobAsync(planId, cancellationToken))
+            return AutomaticScheduleRunningProblem();
         if (await DraftPlanAsync(planId, cancellationToken) is null) return NotFound();
         var entry = await db.ScheduleEntries
             .FirstOrDefaultAsync(
@@ -332,6 +418,13 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
             x => x.Id == id && x.Status == SchedulePlanStatus.Draft,
             cancellationToken);
 
+    private Task<bool> HasActiveAutomaticScheduleJobAsync(
+        Guid planId,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        db.AutomaticScheduleJobs.AsNoTracking().AnyAsync(
+            x => x.ActiveSchedulePlanId == planId,
+            cancellationToken);
+
     private async Task<ActionResult?> ValidateEntryAsync(
         SchedulePlan plan,
         Guid? entryId,
@@ -486,6 +579,32 @@ public sealed class SchedulesController(
             Status = StatusCodes.Status409Conflict
         });
 
+    private ActionResult AutomaticScheduleRunningProblem() =>
+        ConflictProblem("自动排课正在后台运行，请等待任务完成后再修改该排课版本。");
+
+    private static AutomaticScheduleJobResponse ToResponse(AutomaticScheduleJob job)
+    {
+        IReadOnlyList<string> messages = [];
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(job.MessagesJson))
+        {
+            messages = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<string[]>(job.MessagesJson) ?? [];
+        }
+
+        return new(
+            job.Id,
+            job.SchedulePlanId,
+            job.Status,
+            job.TotalTasks,
+            job.ProcessedTasks,
+            job.CreatedEntries,
+            job.CompletedTasks,
+            messages,
+            job.ErrorMessage,
+            job.CreatedAt,
+            job.StartedAt,
+            job.CompletedAt);
+    }
+
     private static string? Normalize(string? value) =>
         string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value) ? null : value.Trim();
 }
@@ -510,3 +629,17 @@ public sealed record ScheduleEntryRequest(
     [Range(1, 30)] int EndWeek,
     WeekPattern WeekPattern,
     [MaxLength(500)] string? Notes);
+
+public sealed record AutomaticScheduleJobResponse(
+    Guid Id,
+    Guid SchedulePlanId,
+    AutomaticScheduleJobStatus Status,
+    int TotalTasks,
+    int ProcessedTasks,
+    int CreatedEntries,
+    int CompletedTasks,
+    IReadOnlyList<string> Messages,
+    string? ErrorMessage,
+    DateTime CreatedAt,
+    DateTime? StartedAt,
+    DateTime? CompletedAt);

src/Jiaowu.Api/Domain/Academic/ScheduleEntities.cs

@@ -65,6 +65,24 @@ public sealed class TeachingTaskAllowedClassroom
     public Classroom? Classroom { get; set; }
 }
 
+public sealed class AutomaticScheduleJob : EntityBase
+{
+    public Guid SchedulePlanId { get; set; }
+    public SchedulePlan? SchedulePlan { get; set; }
+    public Guid? ActiveSchedulePlanId { get; set; }
+    public Guid? RequestedByUserId { get; set; }
+    public AutomaticScheduleJobStatus Status { get; set; } =
+        AutomaticScheduleJobStatus.Queued;
+    public int TotalTasks { get; set; }
+    public int ProcessedTasks { get; set; }
+    public int CreatedEntries { get; set; }
+    public int CompletedTasks { get; set; }
+    public string? MessagesJson { get; set; }
+    public string? ErrorMessage { get; set; }
+    public DateTime? StartedAt { get; set; }
+    public DateTime? CompletedAt { get; set; }
+}
+
 public enum SchedulePlanStatus
 {
     Draft = 1,
@@ -72,6 +90,14 @@ public enum SchedulePlanStatus
     Archived = 3
 }
 
+public enum AutomaticScheduleJobStatus
+{
+    Queued = 1,
+    Running = 2,
+    Succeeded = 3,
+    Failed = 4
+}
+
 public enum WeekPattern
 {
     All = 1,

src/Jiaowu.Api/Infrastructure/Persistence/AppDbContext.cs

@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ public sealed class AppDbContext(DbContextOptions<AppDbContext> options)
         Set<TeachingTaskScheduleConstraint>();
     public DbSet<TeachingTaskAllowedClassroom> TeachingTaskAllowedClassrooms =>
         Set<TeachingTaskAllowedClassroom>();
+    public DbSet<AutomaticScheduleJob> AutomaticScheduleJobs =>
+        Set<AutomaticScheduleJob>();
     public DbSet<CourseSelectionRound> CourseSelectionRounds =>
         Set<CourseSelectionRound>();
     public DbSet<CourseSelectionOffering> CourseSelectionOfferings =>
@@ -381,6 +383,23 @@ public sealed class AppDbContext(DbContextOptions<AppDbContext> options)
                 .OnDelete(DeleteBehavior.Restrict);
         });
 
+        builder.Entity<AutomaticScheduleJob>(entity =>
+        {
+            entity.Property(x => x.ErrorMessage).HasMaxLength(2000);
+            entity.HasIndex(x => x.ActiveSchedulePlanId).IsUnique();
+            entity.HasIndex(x => new { x.SchedulePlanId, x.CreatedAt });
+            entity.HasIndex(x => new { x.Status, x.CreatedAt });
+            entity.HasIndex(x => x.RequestedByUserId);
+            entity.HasOne(x => x.SchedulePlan)
+                .WithMany()
+                .HasForeignKey(x => x.SchedulePlanId)
+                .OnDelete(DeleteBehavior.Cascade);
+            entity.HasOne<ApplicationUser>()
+                .WithMany()
+                .HasForeignKey(x => x.RequestedByUserId)
+                .OnDelete(DeleteBehavior.SetNull);
+        });
+
         builder.Entity<CourseSelectionRound>(entity =>
         {
             entity.Property(x => x.Name).HasMaxLength(120);