主要改动：

自动排课接口立即返回 202 + jobId
后台服务独立执行，不受浏览器关闭或前端超时影响
进度、成功、失败状态持久化到数据库
服务重启后自动恢复排队中或中断的任务
同一草稿禁止重复提交后台任务
运行期间禁止编辑、发布或删除该课表
排课结果和任务成功状态在同一事务中提交
前端每秒轮询进度，显示已处理教学班和已规划安排数

web/src/views/SchedulesView.vue

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { computed, onMounted, reactive, ref } from 'vue'
+import { computed, onBeforeUnmount, onMounted, reactive, ref } from 'vue'
 import { CopyDocument, Plus, Promotion, Refresh, Search, Setting } from '@element-plus/icons-vue'
 import http, { apiErrorMessage } from '../api/http'
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ const timeSlots = ref<any[]>([])
 const constraints = ref<any[]>([])
 const loading = ref(false)
 const detailLoading = ref(false)
-const autoLoading = ref(false)
+const autoJob = ref<any | null>(null)
 const planDialog = ref(false)
 const cloneDialog = ref(false)
 const entryDialog = ref(false)
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ const planForm = reactive<Record<string, any>>({})
 const cloneForm = reactive<Record<string, any>>({})
 const entryForm = reactive<Record<string, any>>({})
 const constraintForm = reactive<Record<string, any>>({})
+let autoPollTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
 
 const weekdays = [
   { value: 1, label: '星期一' },
@@ -56,6 +57,32 @@ const patternLabels: Record<string, string> = {
   Even: '双周',
 }
 const isDraft = computed(() => selected.value?.status === 'Draft')
+const autoLoading = computed(() =>
+  autoJob.value?.status === 'Queued' || autoJob.value?.status === 'Running',
+)
+const autoProgress = computed(() => {
+  if (!autoJob.value?.totalTasks) return 0
+  return Math.min(
+    100,
+    Math.round(autoJob.value.processedTasks / autoJob.value.totalTasks * 100),
+  )
+})
+const autoProgressStatus = computed(() => {
+  if (autoJob.value?.status === 'Succeeded') return 'success'
+  if (autoJob.value?.status === 'Failed') return 'exception'
+  return undefined
+})
+const autoStatusText = computed(() => {
+  if (!autoJob.value) return ''
+  if (autoJob.value.status === 'Queued') return '任务已进入队列，等待后台执行'
+  if (autoJob.value.status === 'Running') {
+    return `正在处理 ${autoJob.value.processedTasks}/${autoJob.value.totalTasks} 个教学班，已规划 ${autoJob.value.createdEntries} 条安排`
+  }
+  if (autoJob.value.status === 'Succeeded') {
+    return `后台排课已完成，共生成 ${autoJob.value.createdEntries} 条安排`
+  }
+  return autoJob.value.errorMessage || '后台排课失败，请稍后重试'
+})
 const selectedTaskConstraint = computed(() =>
   constraints.value.find((item) => item.id === entryForm.teachingTaskId),
 )
@@ -196,21 +223,66 @@ async function autoSchedule() {
       '开始自动排课',
       { type: 'warning', confirmButtonText: '生成排课', cancelButtonText: '取消' },
     )
-    autoLoading.value = true
-    const { data } = await http.post(`/schedules/plans/${selected.value.id}/auto-schedule`)
-    await loadDetail(selected.value.id)
-    if (data.messages.length) {
-      ElMessage.warning(`已生成 ${data.createdEntries} 条安排，仍有 ${data.messages.length} 个任务需人工处理`)
-    } else {
-      ElMessage.success(`自动排课完成，共生成 ${data.createdEntries} 条安排`)
-    }
+    const planId = selected.value.id
+    const { data } = await http.post(`/schedules/plans/${planId}/auto-schedule`)
+    autoJob.value = data
+    ElMessage.success('自动排课任务已提交，可留在当前页面查看进度')
+    scheduleAutoSchedulePoll(data.id, planId)
   } catch (error: any) {
     if (error !== 'cancel' && error !== 'close') ElMessage.error(apiErrorMessage(error))
-  } finally {
-    autoLoading.value = false
   }
 }
 
+function clearAutoSchedulePoll() {
+  if (autoPollTimer) clearTimeout(autoPollTimer)
+  autoPollTimer = undefined
+}
+
+function scheduleAutoSchedulePoll(jobId: string, planId: string) {
+  clearAutoSchedulePoll()
+  autoPollTimer = setTimeout(() => pollAutoScheduleJob(jobId, planId), 1000)
+}
+
+async function pollAutoScheduleJob(jobId: string, planId: string) {
+  try {
+    const { data } = await http.get(`/schedules/auto-schedule-jobs/${jobId}`)
+    if (selected.value?.id !== planId) return
+    autoJob.value = data
+    if (data.status === 'Queued' || data.status === 'Running') {
+      scheduleAutoSchedulePoll(jobId, planId)
+      return
+    }
+    clearAutoSchedulePoll()
+    if (data.status === 'Succeeded') {
+      await loadDetail(planId, false)
+      const summary = plans.value.find((item) => item.id === planId)
+      if (summary) summary.entryCount = selected.value.entries.length
+      if (data.messages.length) {
+        ElMessage.warning(
+          `后台排课完成，已生成 ${data.createdEntries} 条安排，仍有 ${data.messages.length} 个任务需人工处理`,
+        )
+      } else {
+        ElMessage.success(`后台排课完成，共生成 ${data.createdEntries} 条安排`)
+      }
+    } else {
+      ElMessage.error(data.errorMessage || '后台排课失败，请稍后重试')
+    }
+  } catch {
+    if (selected.value?.id === planId) {
+      scheduleAutoSchedulePoll(jobId, planId)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function resumeAutoSchedule(planId: string) {
+  clearAutoSchedulePoll()
+  autoJob.value = null
+  const { data } = await http.get(`/schedules/plans/${planId}/auto-schedule-job`)
+  if (selected.value?.id !== planId || !data) return
+  autoJob.value = data
+  scheduleAutoSchedulePoll(data.id, planId)
+}
+
 async function loadPlans(keepSelection = true) {
   loading.value = true
   try {
@@ -220,8 +292,13 @@ async function loadPlans(keepSelection = true) {
     const id = keepSelection && selected.value
       ? selected.value.id
       : plans.value[0]?.id
-    if (id && plans.value.some((item) => item.id === id)) await loadDetail(id)
-    else selected.value = null
+    if (id && plans.value.some((item) => item.id === id)) {
+      await loadDetail(id)
+    } else {
+      selected.value = null
+      clearAutoSchedulePoll()
+      autoJob.value = null
+    }
   } catch (error) {
     ElMessage.error(apiErrorMessage(error))
   } finally {
@@ -229,10 +306,16 @@ async function loadPlans(keepSelection = true) {
   }
 }
 
-async function loadDetail(id: string) {
+async function loadDetail(id: string, resumeJob = true) {
   detailLoading.value = true
   try {
     selected.value = (await http.get(`/schedules/plans/${id}`)).data
+    if (resumeJob && selected.value.status === 'Draft') {
+      await resumeAutoSchedule(id)
+    } else if (resumeJob) {
+      clearAutoSchedulePoll()
+      autoJob.value = null
+    }
   } catch (error) {
     ElMessage.error(apiErrorMessage(error))
   } finally {
@@ -376,6 +459,8 @@ onMounted(async () => {
   termId.value = terms.value.find((item) => item.isCurrent)?.id
   await Promise.all([loadPlans(false), loadSchedulingSettings()])
 })
+
+onBeforeUnmount(clearAutoSchedulePoll)
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -420,8 +505,8 @@ onMounted(async () => {
           <p>共 {{ selected.entries.length }} 条安排 · {{ statusLabels[selected.status] }}</p>
         </div>
         <div class="plan-actions">
-          <el-button v-if="isDraft" @click="openPlan(selected)">编辑版本</el-button>
-          <el-button :icon="CopyDocument" @click="openClone">复制调整</el-button>
+          <el-button v-if="isDraft" :disabled="autoLoading" @click="openPlan(selected)">编辑版本</el-button>
+          <el-button :icon="CopyDocument" :disabled="autoLoading" @click="openClone">复制调整</el-button>
           <el-button
             v-if="isDraft"
             type="warning"
@@ -432,12 +517,34 @@ onMounted(async () => {
           >
             自动排课
           </el-button>
-          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="primary" :icon="Plus" @click="openEntry()">添加排课</el-button>
-          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="success" :icon="Promotion" @click="publishPlan">发布课表</el-button>
-          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="danger" plain @click="deletePlan">删除草稿</el-button>
+          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="primary" :icon="Plus" :disabled="autoLoading" @click="openEntry()">添加排课</el-button>
+          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="success" :icon="Promotion" :disabled="autoLoading" @click="publishPlan">发布课表</el-button>
+          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="danger" plain :disabled="autoLoading" @click="deletePlan">删除草稿</el-button>
         </div>
       </header>
 
+      <div
+        v-if="autoJob"
+        class="auto-schedule-progress"
+        :class="`is-${String(autoJob.status).toLowerCase()}`"
+      >
+        <div>
+          <b>{{ autoStatusText }}</b>
+          <span v-if="autoJob.status === 'Running'">
+            后台运行中，离开页面不会中断任务
+          </span>
+          <span v-else-if="autoJob.status === 'Succeeded' && autoJob.messages.length">
+            {{ autoJob.messages.length }} 个教学任务仍需人工处理
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <el-progress
+          :percentage="autoProgress"
+          :status="autoProgressStatus"
+          :indeterminate="autoJob.status === 'Queued'"
+          :duration="2"
+        />
+      </div>
+
       <div class="schedule-search">
         <el-input v-model="keyword" :prefix-icon="Search" clearable placeholder="筛选课程、教师、行政班或教室" />
         <el-button :icon="Refresh" @click="keyword = ''">清除筛选</el-button>