已改成后台“检查并发布”任务，原来的超时主要就是同步逐条校验导致的。

发布接口立即返回 202 Accepted，页面轮询显示检查进度。
校验改为批量读取，减少重复数据库查询。
检查失败保留草稿并显示具体原因；成功后原子完成旧课表归档和新课表发布。
同一学期禁止两个发布任务并发，服务重启后未完成任务会自动恢复。
发布期间锁定编辑、自动排课等冲突操作。
已补齐 SQLite 开发迁移及 MySQL 生产迁移。

web/src/views/SchedulesView.vue

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ const constraints = ref<any[]>([])
 const loading = ref(false)
 const detailLoading = ref(false)
 const autoJob = ref<any | null>(null)
+const publishJob = ref<any | null>(null)
 const planDialog = ref(false)
 const cloneDialog = ref(false)
 const entryDialog = ref(false)
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ const constraintFilters = reactive({
   constraintState: undefined as string | undefined,
 })
 let autoPollTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
+let publishPollTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
 
 const weekdays = [
   { value: 1, label: '星期一' },
@@ -71,6 +73,10 @@ const isDraft = computed(() => selected.value?.status === 'Draft')
 const autoLoading = computed(() =>
   autoJob.value?.status === 'Queued' || autoJob.value?.status === 'Running',
 )
+const publishLoading = computed(() =>
+  publishJob.value?.status === 'Queued' || publishJob.value?.status === 'Running',
+)
+const scheduleJobLoading = computed(() => autoLoading.value || publishLoading.value)
 const autoProgress = computed(() => {
   if (!autoJob.value?.totalTasks) return 0
   return Math.min(
@@ -94,6 +100,27 @@ const autoStatusText = computed(() => {
   }
   return autoJob.value.errorMessage || '后台排课失败，请稍后重试'
 })
+const publishProgress = computed(() => {
+  if (!publishJob.value?.totalSteps) return 0
+  return Math.min(
+    100,
+    Math.round(publishJob.value.completedSteps / publishJob.value.totalSteps * 100),
+  )
+})
+const publishProgressStatus = computed(() => {
+  if (publishJob.value?.status === 'Succeeded') return 'success'
+  if (publishJob.value?.status === 'Failed') return 'exception'
+  return undefined
+})
+const publishStatusText = computed(() => {
+  if (!publishJob.value) return ''
+  if (publishJob.value.status === 'Queued') return '发布任务已进入队列，等待后台检查'
+  if (publishJob.value.status === 'Running') {
+    return publishJob.value.currentStep || '正在检查并发布课表'
+  }
+  if (publishJob.value.status === 'Succeeded') return '检查已通过，课表发布成功'
+  return publishJob.value.errorMessage || '课表检查未通过'
+})
 const selectedTaskConstraint = computed(() =>
   constraints.value.find((item) => item.id === entryForm.teachingTaskId),
 )
@@ -402,6 +429,50 @@ async function autoSchedule() {
   }
 }
 
+function clearPublishPoll() {
+  if (publishPollTimer) clearTimeout(publishPollTimer)
+  publishPollTimer = undefined
+}
+
+function schedulePublishPoll(jobId: string, planId: string) {
+  clearPublishPoll()
+  publishPollTimer = setTimeout(() => pollPublishJob(jobId, planId), 1000)
+}
+
+async function pollPublishJob(jobId: string, planId: string) {
+  try {
+    const { data } = await http.get(`/schedules/publish-jobs/${jobId}`)
+    if (selected.value?.id !== planId) return
+    publishJob.value = data
+    if (data.status === 'Queued' || data.status === 'Running') {
+      schedulePublishPoll(jobId, planId)
+      return
+    }
+    clearPublishPoll()
+    if (data.status === 'Succeeded') {
+      ElMessage.success('课表检查通过，已发布')
+      await loadPlans()
+    } else {
+      ElMessage.error(data.errorMessage || '课表检查未通过，请调整后重试')
+    }
+  } catch {
+    if (selected.value?.id === planId) {
+      schedulePublishPoll(jobId, planId)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function resumePublish(planId: string) {
+  clearPublishPoll()
+  publishJob.value = null
+  const { data } = await http.get(`/schedules/plans/${planId}/publish-job`)
+  if (selected.value?.id !== planId || !data) return
+  publishJob.value = data
+  if (data.status === 'Queued' || data.status === 'Running') {
+    schedulePublishPoll(data.id, planId)
+  }
+}
+
 function clearAutoSchedulePoll() {
   if (autoPollTimer) clearTimeout(autoPollTimer)
   autoPollTimer = undefined
@@ -467,6 +538,8 @@ async function loadPlans(keepSelection = true) {
       selected.value = null
       clearAutoSchedulePoll()
       autoJob.value = null
+      clearPublishPoll()
+      publishJob.value = null
     }
   } catch (error) {
     ElMessage.error(apiErrorMessage(error))
@@ -480,10 +553,11 @@ async function loadDetail(id: string, resumeJob = true) {
   try {
     selected.value = (await http.get(`/schedules/plans/${id}`)).data
     if (resumeJob && selected.value.status === 'Draft') {
-      await resumeAutoSchedule(id)
+      await Promise.all([resumeAutoSchedule(id), resumePublish(id)])
     } else if (resumeJob) {
       clearAutoSchedulePoll()
       autoJob.value = null
+      await resumePublish(id)
     }
   } catch (error) {
     ElMessage.error(apiErrorMessage(error))
@@ -556,9 +630,11 @@ async function publishPlan() {
       '发布课表',
       { type: 'warning', confirmButtonText: '检查并发布', cancelButtonText: '取消' },
     )
-    await http.post(`/schedules/plans/${selected.value.id}/publish`)
-    ElMessage.success('课表已发布')
-    await loadPlans()
+    const planId = selected.value.id
+    const { data } = await http.post(`/schedules/plans/${planId}/publish`)
+    publishJob.value = data
+    ElMessage.success('检查并发布任务已提交，可在当前页面查看进度')
+    schedulePublishPoll(data.id, planId)
   } catch (error: any) {
     if (error !== 'cancel' && error !== 'close') ElMessage.error(apiErrorMessage(error))
   }
@@ -677,7 +753,10 @@ onMounted(async () => {
   await Promise.all([loadPlans(false), loadSchedulingSettings()])
 })
 
-onBeforeUnmount(clearAutoSchedulePoll)
+onBeforeUnmount(() => {
+  clearAutoSchedulePoll()
+  clearPublishPoll()
+})
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -722,7 +801,7 @@ onBeforeUnmount(clearAutoSchedulePoll)
           <p>共 {{ selected.entries.length }} 条安排 · {{ statusLabels[selected.status] }}</p>
         </div>
         <div class="plan-actions">
-          <el-button v-if="isDraft" :disabled="autoLoading" @click="openPlan(selected)">编辑版本</el-button>
+          <el-button v-if="isDraft" :disabled="scheduleJobLoading" @click="openPlan(selected)">编辑版本</el-button>
           <el-button
             v-if="selected.status === 'Published'"
             type="warning"
@@ -735,7 +814,7 @@ onBeforeUnmount(clearAutoSchedulePoll)
           <el-button
             v-else
             :icon="CopyDocument"
-            :disabled="autoLoading"
+            :disabled="scheduleJobLoading"
             @click="openClone"
           >
             复制调整
@@ -746,13 +825,23 @@ onBeforeUnmount(clearAutoSchedulePoll)
             plain
             :icon="Promotion"
             :loading="autoLoading"
+            :disabled="publishLoading"
             @click="autoSchedule"
           >
             自动排课
           </el-button>
-          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="primary" :icon="Plus" :disabled="autoLoading" @click="openEntry()">添加排课</el-button>
-          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="success" :icon="Promotion" :disabled="autoLoading" @click="publishPlan">发布课表</el-button>
-          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="danger" plain :disabled="autoLoading" @click="deletePlan">删除草稿</el-button>
+          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="primary" :icon="Plus" :disabled="scheduleJobLoading" @click="openEntry()">添加排课</el-button>
+          <el-button
+            v-if="isDraft"
+            type="success"
+            :icon="Promotion"
+            :loading="publishLoading"
+            :disabled="autoLoading"
+            @click="publishPlan"
+          >
+            {{ publishLoading ? '检查并发布中' : '发布课表' }}
+          </el-button>
+          <el-button v-if="isDraft" type="danger" plain :disabled="scheduleJobLoading" @click="deletePlan">删除草稿</el-button>
         </div>
       </header>
 
@@ -792,6 +881,26 @@ onBeforeUnmount(clearAutoSchedulePoll)
         </div>
       </div>
 
+      <div
+        v-if="publishJob"
+        class="auto-schedule-progress"
+        :class="`is-${String(publishJob.status).toLowerCase()}`"
+      >
+        <div>
+          <b>{{ publishStatusText }}</b>
+          <span v-if="publishLoading">后台运行中，离开页面不会中断任务</span>
+          <span v-else-if="publishJob.status === 'Failed'">
+            草稿未发布，请根据上方原因调整后重试
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <el-progress
+          :percentage="publishProgress"
+          :status="publishProgressStatus"
+          :indeterminate="publishJob.status === 'Queued'"
+          :duration="2"
+        />
+      </div>
+
       <div class="schedule-search">
         <el-input v-model="keyword" :prefix-icon="Search" clearable placeholder="筛选课程、教师、行政班或教室" />
         <el-button :icon="Refresh" @click="keyword = ''">清除筛选</el-button>