已改成后台“检查并发布”任务，原来的超时主要就是同步逐条校验导致的。

发布接口立即返回 202 Accepted，页面轮询显示检查进度。
校验改为批量读取，减少重复数据库查询。
检查失败保留草稿并显示具体原因；成功后原子完成旧课表归档和新课表发布。
同一学期禁止两个发布任务并发，服务重启后未完成任务会自动恢复。
发布期间锁定编辑、自动排课等冲突操作。
已补齐 SQLite 开发迁移及 MySQL 生产迁移。

src/Jiaowu.Api/Domain/Academic/ScheduleEntities.cs

@@ -83,6 +83,23 @@ public sealed class AutomaticScheduleJob : EntityBase
     public DateTime? CompletedAt { get; set; }
 }
 
+public sealed class SchedulePublishJob : EntityBase
+{
+    public Guid SchedulePlanId { get; set; }
+    public SchedulePlan? SchedulePlan { get; set; }
+    public Guid AcademicTermId { get; set; }
+    public Guid? ActiveAcademicTermId { get; set; }
+    public Guid? RequestedByUserId { get; set; }
+    public SchedulePublishJobStatus Status { get; set; } =
+        SchedulePublishJobStatus.Queued;
+    public int TotalSteps { get; set; } = 5;
+    public int CompletedSteps { get; set; }
+    public string? CurrentStep { get; set; }
+    public string? ErrorMessage { get; set; }
+    public DateTime? StartedAt { get; set; }
+    public DateTime? CompletedAt { get; set; }
+}
+
 public enum SchedulePlanStatus
 {
     Draft = 1,
@@ -98,6 +115,14 @@ public enum AutomaticScheduleJobStatus
     Failed = 4
 }
 
+public enum SchedulePublishJobStatus
+{
+    Queued = 1,
+    Running = 2,
+    Succeeded = 3,
+    Failed = 4
+}
+
 public enum WeekPattern
 {
     All = 1,