自动构建

.dockerignore

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+.artifacts
+.git
+.gitea
+.vs
+.vscode
+**/bin
+**/obj
+**/node_modules
+**/dist
+**/*.sqlite
+**/*.sqlite-shm
+**/*.sqlite-wal
+.env
+.env.*
+!.env.example
+!.env.docker.example
+src/Jiaowu.Api/data
+src/Jiaowu.Api/wwwroot

.env.docker.example

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# 复制为 .env.docker，并通过 docker run --env-file .env.docker 使用。
+ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production
+ASPNETCORE_HTTP_PORTS=8080
+Database__Provider=MySql
+Database__ApplyMigrationsOnStartup=false
+Database__CommandTimeoutSeconds=30
+ConnectionStrings__MySql=Server=db.example.edu.cn;Port=3306;Database=jiaowu;User=APP_USER;Password=REPLACE_WITH_A_STRONG_PASSWORD;SslMode=VerifyFull;SslCa=/run/secrets/mysql-ca.pem;
+Jwt__Issuer=Jiaowu.Api
+Jwt__Audience=Jiaowu.Web
+Jwt__Key=REPLACE_WITH_AT_LEAST_32_RANDOM_BYTES
+Jwt__ExpireMinutes=60
+AllowedHosts=jiaowu.example.edu.cn
+Cors__Origins__0=https://jiaowu.example.edu.cn

.env.example

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# 复制为发布目录中的 .env。真实密钥和密码不要提交到仓库。
+ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production
+ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://0.0.0.0:8080
+
+Database__Provider=MySql
+Database__ApplyMigrationsOnStartup=false
+Database__CommandTimeoutSeconds=30
+ConnectionStrings__MySql="Server=db.example.edu.cn;Port=3306;Database=jiaowu;User=APP_USER;Password=REPLACE_WITH_A_STRONG_PASSWORD;SslMode=VerifyFull;SslCa=/etc/jiaowu/mysql-ca.pem;"
+
+Jwt__Issuer=Jiaowu.Api
+Jwt__Audience=Jiaowu.Web
+Jwt__Key=REPLACE_WITH_AT_LEAST_32_RANDOM_BYTES
+Jwt__ExpireMinutes=60
+
+AllowedHosts=jiaowu.example.edu.cn
+Cors__Origins__0=https://jiaowu.example.edu.cn
+
+# 仅首次创建管理员时临时取消注释，创建成功后立即删除。
+# SeedAdmin__UserName=admin
+# SeedAdmin__Password=REPLACE_WITH_A_STRONG_ADMIN_PASSWORD
+# SeedAdmin__DisplayName=系统管理员

.gitea/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: Build and publish packages and Docker images
+name: Build and publish Jiaowu packages and container image
 
 on:
   push:
@@ -12,12 +12,16 @@ on:
         default: false
         type: boolean
 
+env:
+  GITEA_IMAGE: git.biss.click/biss/academic-affairs-system
+
 jobs:
   publish:
-    name: Test, build and publish
+    name: Test, package and publish
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
-      contents: read
+      code: read
+      packages: write
       releases: write
 
     steps:
@@ -27,40 +31,45 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up .NET
         uses: https://github.com/actions/setup-dotnet@v4
         with:
-          dotnet-version: "10.0.x"
+          dotnet-version: "10.0.302"
 
       - name: Set up Node.js
         uses: https://github.com/actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: "24"
           cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: src/Eis.Web/ClientApp/package-lock.json
+          cache-dependency-path: web/package-lock.json
 
       - name: Build Vue application
-        working-directory: src/Eis.Web/ClientApp
+        working-directory: web
         run: |
           npm ci
           npm run build
 
-      - name: Run tests
+      - name: Run backend tests
-        run: dotnet test Eis.slnx --configuration Release
+        run: dotnet test Jiaowu.slnx --configuration Release
 
-      - name: Determine package version
+      - name: Determine package version and platform profile
-        id: package_version
+        id: package
         shell: bash
         env:
+          REF_TYPE: ${{ gitea.ref_type }}
+          REF_NAME: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
+          RUN_NUMBER: ${{ gitea.run_number }}
           INCLUDE_EXTENDED_PLATFORMS: ${{ inputs.include_extended_platforms }}
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
-          if [[ "$GITHUB_REF" == refs/tags/v* ]]; then
+          if [[ "$REF_TYPE" == "tag" && "$REF_NAME" == v* ]]; then
-            version="${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}"
+            version="${REF_NAME#v}"
           else
-            version="0.0.0-dev.${GITHUB_RUN_NUMBER:-0}"
+            version="0.0.0-dev.${RUN_NUMBER:-0}"
           fi
+
           profile=default
           if [[ "${INCLUDE_EXTENDED_PLATFORMS:-false}" == "true" ]]; then
             profile=all
           fi
+
           echo "version=$version" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "profile=$profile" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
@@ -68,14 +77,14 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash
         run: |
           bash ./scripts/publish-platform-packages.sh \
-            "${{ steps.package_version.outputs.version }}" \
+            "${{ steps.package.outputs.version }}" \
             "artifacts/packages" \
-            "${{ steps.package_version.outputs.profile }}"
+            "${{ steps.package.outputs.profile }}"
 
       - name: Upload platform packages as workflow artifact
         uses: https://github.com/christopherHX/gitea-upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: eis-${{ steps.package_version.outputs.version }}-${{ steps.package_version.outputs.profile }}-platform-packages
+          name: jiaowu-${{ steps.package.outputs.version }}-${{ steps.package.outputs.profile }}-packages
           path: artifacts/packages/*
           if-no-files-found: error
 
@@ -85,34 +94,26 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         uses: https://github.com/docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
 
-      - name: Log in to Docker Hub
-        uses: https://github.com/docker/login-action@v3
-        with:
-          registry: docker.io
-          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-
       - name: Log in to Gitea Container Registry
         uses: https://github.com/docker/login-action@v3
         with:
           registry: git.biss.click
-          username: ${{ vars.REGISTRY_USERNAME }}
+          username: ${{ gitea.actor }}
-          password: ${{ secrets.REGISTRY_TOKEN }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITEA_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Generate image tags and labels
         id: metadata
         uses: https://github.com/docker/metadata-action@v5
         with:
-          images: |
+          images: ${{ env.GITEA_IMAGE }}
-            docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_IMAGE }}
-            git.biss.click/biss/eis-dotnet
           flavor: latest=auto
           tags: |
             type=sha,format=short,prefix=sha-
             type=semver,pattern={{version}}
             type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
+            type=raw,value=manual-${{ gitea.run_number }},enable=${{ gitea.ref_type != 'tag' }}
 
-      - name: Build and push image
+      - name: Build and push multi-architecture image
         uses: https://github.com/docker/build-push-action@v6
         with:
           context: .
@@ -121,15 +122,17 @@ jobs:
           push: true
           tags: ${{ steps.metadata.outputs.tags }}
           labels: ${{ steps.metadata.outputs.labels }}
-          cache-from: type=registry,ref=docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_IMAGE }}:buildcache
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ env.GITEA_IMAGE }}:buildcache
-          cache-to: type=registry,ref=docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_IMAGE }}:buildcache,mode=max
+          cache-to: type=registry,ref=${{ env.GITEA_IMAGE }}:buildcache,mode=max
 
       - name: Detect release type
-        id: release_type
+        id: release
         if: gitea.ref_type == 'tag'
         shell: bash
+        env:
+          REF_NAME: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
         run: |
-          case "$GITHUB_REF_NAME" in
+          case "$REF_NAME" in
             *-*) prerelease=true ;;
             *) prerelease=false ;;
           esac
@@ -142,21 +145,21 @@ jobs:
           token: ${{ secrets.GITEA_TOKEN }}
           tag_name: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
           name: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
-          prerelease: ${{ steps.release_type.outputs.prerelease }}
+          prerelease: ${{ steps.release.outputs.prerelease }}
           files: |
             artifacts/packages/*
           body: |
-            已发布以下自包含程序包，无需预装 .NET 运行时：
+            已发布大学教务管理系统 ${{ gitea.ref_name }}：
 
-            - Windows x64：下载对应的 `.zip`
+            - Windows x64：`.zip`
-            - Linux x64 / ARM64：下载对应的 `.tar.gz`
+            - Linux x64 / ARM64：`.tar.gz`
-            - 使用 `SHA256SUMS` 校验下载文件
+            - `SHA256SUMS`：发布包校验值
+            - 自包含程序包无需预装 .NET 或 ASP.NET Core Runtime
 
-            Windows ARM64 与 macOS Intel / Apple Silicon 包可在 Actions 页面选择扩展平台后手动构建。
+            Windows ARM64 与 macOS Intel / Apple Silicon 包可通过手动运行工作流并启用扩展平台生成。
 
             Docker 多架构镜像（linux/amd64、linux/arm64）：
 
             ```text
-            docker pull docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_IMAGE }}:${{ steps.metadata.outputs.version }}
+            docker pull ${{ env.GITEA_IMAGE }}:${{ steps.metadata.outputs.version }}
-            docker pull git.biss.click/biss/eis-dotnet:${{ steps.metadata.outputs.version }}
             ```

.gitignore

@@ -15,3 +15,4 @@ src/Jiaowu.Api/wwwroot/
 .env
 .env.*
 !.env.example
+!.env.docker.example

Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM node:24-alpine AS frontend
+WORKDIR /source
+COPY web/package.json web/package-lock.json ./web/
+RUN npm --prefix web ci
+COPY web/ ./web/
+RUN npm --prefix web run build
+
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:10.0-alpine AS build
+ARG TARGETARCH
+WORKDIR /source
+COPY .env.example ./
+COPY src/Jiaowu.Api/Jiaowu.Api.csproj ./src/Jiaowu.Api/
+RUN --mount=type=cache,id=nuget,target=/root/.nuget/packages \
+    arch="${TARGETARCH/amd64/x64}" && \
+    dotnet restore ./src/Jiaowu.Api/Jiaowu.Api.csproj --arch "$arch"
+COPY src/Jiaowu.Api/ ./src/Jiaowu.Api/
+COPY --from=frontend /source/src/Jiaowu.Api/wwwroot/ ./src/Jiaowu.Api/wwwroot/
+RUN --mount=type=cache,id=nuget,target=/root/.nuget/packages \
+    arch="${TARGETARCH/amd64/x64}" && \
+    dotnet publish ./src/Jiaowu.Api/Jiaowu.Api.csproj \
+    --configuration Release \
+    --arch "$arch" \
+    --no-restore \
+    --no-self-contained \
+    --output /app/publish \
+    -p:BuildFrontendOnPublish=false \
+    -p:DebugSymbols=false \
+    -p:DebugType=None
+
+FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/aspnet:10.0-alpine AS final
+WORKDIR /app
+ENV ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production \
+    ASPNETCORE_HTTP_PORTS=8080 \
+    DOTNET_EnableDiagnostics=0
+EXPOSE 8080
+COPY --from=build /app/publish/ ./
+ARG UID=10001
+RUN adduser \
+    --disabled-password \
+    --gecos "" \
+    --home "/nonexistent" \
+    --shell "/sbin/nologin" \
+    --no-create-home \
+    --uid "${UID}" \
+    appuser
+USER appuser
+ENTRYPOINT ["dotnet", "Jiaowu.Api.dll"]

README.md

@@ -58,19 +58,27 @@ dotnet publish src/Jiaowu.Api -c Release -o .artifacts/publish
 
 如需在特殊流水线中跳过自动前端构建，可传入 `-p:BuildFrontendOnPublish=false`。
 
-将发布包复制到目标服务器后，再通过 Windows 服务、容器编排平台或密钥管理系统，
+将发布包复制到目标服务器后，把发布包中的 `.env.example` 复制为 `.env`，并填写
-为 **应用运行进程** 注入配置。下面仅演示在当前 PowerShell 会话中配置；变量只对该
+真实配置。应用会在启动时自动读取**可执行文件所在目录**的 `.env`：
-会话及其启动的子进程生效：
 
 ```powershell
-$env:ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT = 'Production'
+$copyParams = @{
-$env:Database__Provider = 'MySql'
+    LiteralPath = '.artifacts\publish\.env.example'
-$env:Jwt__Key = '至少32字节的随机生产密钥'
+    Destination = '.artifacts\publish\.env'
-$env:AllowedHosts = 'jiaowu.example.edu.cn'
+}
+Copy-Item @copyParams
 ```
 
-这些值由 `Jiaowu.Api` 在每次启动时读取。不要把真实连接串或密钥写入仓库中的
+`.env` 使用 `KEY=VALUE` 格式，允许空行、以 `#` 开头的注释、可选的 `export` 前缀，
-`appsettings*.json`，证书路径也必须是目标服务器上的实际路径。
+以及单引号或双引号值。双引号值支持 `\n`、`\r`、`\t`、`\\` 和 `\"`；不执行变量
+替换或命令。真实进程环境变量的优先级高于 `.env`，因此 Windows 服务、Docker、
+Kubernetes 或密钥管理系统仍可覆盖文件中的值。
+
+如需把配置文件放到其他位置，通过 `JIAOWU_ENV_FILE` 指定绝对路径；相对路径按进程
+当前工作目录解析。显式指定但文件不存在、行格式错误或引号没有闭合时，应用会拒绝
+启动。不要把真实 `.env` 提交到仓库或打进发布包；Linux/macOS 建议设置权限
+`chmod 600 .env`，Windows 应通过 ACL 只允许服务账号和管理员读取。连接串中的证书
+路径必须是运行服务器上的实际路径。
 
 数据库应明确使用 `utf8mb4`；MySQL 8.4 的默认排序规则为
 `utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci`。新建数据库时可执行：
@@ -81,18 +89,19 @@ CREATE DATABASE `jiaowu`
   COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
 ```
 
-首次部署或版本升级时，先在目标服务器设置具备 DDL 权限的迁移账号连接串，并单独
+首次部署或版本升级时，从 `.env` 复制一份不纳入版本控制的 `.env.migrate`，只将
-执行迁移：
+连接串改成具备 DDL 权限的迁移账号，然后单独执行迁移：
 
 ```powershell
-$env:ConnectionStrings__MySql = 'Server=db.example.edu.cn;Port=3306;Database=jiaowu;User=MIGRATION_USER;Password=MIGRATION_PASSWORD;SslMode=VerifyFull;SslCa=C:\certs\mysql-ca.pem;'
+$env:JIAOWU_ENV_FILE = (Resolve-Path -LiteralPath '.artifacts\publish\.env.migrate').Path
 & '.artifacts\publish\Jiaowu.Api.exe' --migrate-only
 ```
 
-迁移成功后，将连接串替换为仅具备应用所需 DML 权限的运行账号，再启动服务：
+迁移成功后删除 `.env.migrate`，清除 `JIAOWU_ENV_FILE`，应用便会读取发布目录中的
+`.env`；其中应配置仅具备应用所需 DML 权限的运行账号：
 
 ```powershell
-$env:ConnectionStrings__MySql = 'Server=db.example.edu.cn;Port=3306;Database=jiaowu;User=APP_USER;Password=APP_PASSWORD;SslMode=VerifyFull;SslCa=C:\certs\mysql-ca.pem;'
+Remove-Item -LiteralPath 'Env:JIAOWU_ENV_FILE'
 & '.artifacts\publish\Jiaowu.Api.exe'
 ```
 
@@ -108,19 +117,13 @@ $env:ConnectionStrings__MySql = 'Server=db.example.edu.cn;Port=3306;Database=jia
 
 如需验证 Production 配置和 MySQL 8.4 部署链路，请新建专用的空数据库（例如
 `jiaowu_demo`），不要向准备承载真实业务的数据库插入演示数据。先按前述步骤执行
-`--migrate-only`，停止该环境的应用实例，再改用应用运行账号执行：
+`--migrate-only`，停止该环境的应用实例，再从 `.env.example` 复制并编辑
+`.env.demo`，配置演示数据库、运行账号和临时管理员：
 
 ```powershell
-$env:ConnectionStrings__MySql = 'Server=db.example.edu.cn;Port=3306;Database=jiaowu_demo;User=APP_USER;Password=APP_PASSWORD;SslMode=VerifyFull;SslCa=C:\certs\mysql-ca.pem;'
+$env:JIAOWU_ENV_FILE = (Resolve-Path -LiteralPath '.artifacts\publish\.env.demo').Path
-$env:SeedAdmin__UserName = 'demo-admin'
-$env:SeedAdmin__Password = '请替换为演示环境专用的强密码'
-$env:SeedAdmin__DisplayName = '演示环境管理员'
-
 & '.artifacts\publish\Jiaowu.Api.exe' --seed-demo-data --confirm-production-demo-data
-
+Remove-Item -LiteralPath 'Env:JIAOWU_ENV_FILE'
-Remove-Item -LiteralPath 'Env:SeedAdmin__UserName'
-Remove-Item -LiteralPath 'Env:SeedAdmin__Password'
-Remove-Item -LiteralPath 'Env:SeedAdmin__DisplayName'
 ```
 
 该命令仅允许在非 Development 环境运行，且必须同时提供确认参数。它会再次检查迁移
@@ -155,6 +158,68 @@ SQLite 只用于本地开发：新库通过 `EnsureCreated` 建立，已有开
 - `/health/live`：只检查进程存活。
 - `/health`、`/health/ready`：实际检查数据库连接，失败时返回 HTTP 503。
 
+## 跨平台发布与 Docker
+
+`.gitea/workflows/publish.yml` 只在推送 `v*` 标签或手动运行时执行，普通分支 push
+不会触发耗时发布。默认生成以下自包含程序包，目标服务器无需另装 .NET：
+
+- Windows x64：`.zip`
+- Linux x64、Linux ARM64：`.tar.gz`
+- `SHA256SUMS`：所有压缩包的 SHA-256 校验值
+
+手动运行时启用 `include_extended_platforms`，还会生成 Windows ARM64、macOS x64
+和 macOS ARM64。Windows 使用 `Jiaowu.Api.exe` 启动，Linux/macOS 使用
+`./Jiaowu.Api`；各压缩包都包含 `.env.example`。
+
+工作流同时使用 Buildx 构建 `linux/amd64`、`linux/arm64` 镜像并推送至 Gitea
+Container Registry：
+
+```text
+git.biss.click/biss/academic-affairs-system
+```
+
+仓库的 Actions 权限必须允许内置 `GITEA_TOKEN` 写入 Packages 和 Releases。版本标签
+会创建 Gitea Release；手动运行只保留工作流产物并推送
+`manual-<run-number>`、`sha-<commit>` 镜像标签。
+
+本地使用 Docker 时，先复制并编辑配置：
+
+```powershell
+Copy-Item -LiteralPath '.env.docker.example' -Destination '.env.docker'
+```
+
+先使用迁移账号配置文件执行迁移，再使用应用账号配置文件启动容器；MySQL CA 文件通过
+只读卷挂载，不会进入镜像：
+
+```powershell
+$image = 'git.biss.click/biss/academic-affairs-system:1.0.0'
+
+$migrateArgs = @(
+    'run', '--rm'
+    '--env-file', '.env.docker.migrate'
+    '--mount', 'type=bind,source=C:\certs\mysql-ca.pem,target=/run/secrets/mysql-ca.pem,readonly'
+    $image
+    '--migrate-only'
+)
+& docker @migrateArgs
+if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw '数据库迁移失败。' }
+
+$runArgs = @(
+    'run', '--detach'
+    '--name', 'jiaowu'
+    '--restart', 'unless-stopped'
+    '--env-file', '.env.docker'
+    '--publish', '8080:8080'
+    '--mount', 'type=bind,source=C:\certs\mysql-ca.pem,target=/run/secrets/mysql-ca.pem,readonly'
+    $image
+)
+& docker @runArgs
+if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw '容器启动失败。' }
+```
+
+Docker 镜像不包含 `.env`、数据库密码或 JWT 密钥。容器以非 root 用户运行，监听
+8080 端口；生产环境仍应由反向代理负责 HTTPS、访问日志和请求大小限制。
+
 ## 验证
 
 ```powershell

scripts/publish-platform-packages.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+version="${1:?Usage: publish-platform-packages.sh <version> [output-dir] [default|all]}"
+output_dir="${2:-artifacts/packages}"
+profile="${3:-default}"
+
+case "$profile" in
+  default)
+    runtimes=(win-x64 linux-x64 linux-arm64)
+    ;;
+  all)
+    runtimes=(win-x64 win-arm64 linux-x64 linux-arm64 osx-x64 osx-arm64)
+    ;;
+  *)
+    echo "Unknown platform profile: $profile" >&2
+    exit 2
+    ;;
+esac
+
+script_dir="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+repository_root="$(cd "$script_dir/.." && pwd)"
+project="$repository_root/src/Jiaowu.Api/Jiaowu.Api.csproj"
+
+mkdir -p "$output_dir"
+output_dir="$(cd "$output_dir" && pwd)"
+if find "$output_dir" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -print -quit | grep -q .; then
+  echo "Output directory must be empty: $output_dir" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+temporary_root="$(mktemp -d)"
+trap 'rm -rf "$temporary_root"' EXIT
+
+for runtime in "${runtimes[@]}"; do
+  package_name="jiaowu-${version}-${runtime}"
+  package_root="$temporary_root/$package_name"
+
+  dotnet publish "$project" \
+    --configuration Release \
+    --runtime "$runtime" \
+    --self-contained true \
+    --output "$package_root" \
+    -p:BuildFrontendOnPublish=false \
+    -p:Version="$version" \
+    -p:DebugSymbols=false \
+    -p:DebugType=None \
+    -p:PublishReadyToRun=false
+
+  cp "$repository_root/.env.example" "$package_root/.env.example"
+  cp "$repository_root/README.md" "$package_root/README.md"
+
+  if [[ "$runtime" == win-* ]]; then
+    (
+      cd "$temporary_root"
+      zip -q -r "$output_dir/$package_name.zip" "$package_name"
+    )
+  else
+    tar -C "$temporary_root" -czf "$output_dir/$package_name.tar.gz" "$package_name"
+  fi
+
+  rm -rf "$package_root"
+done
+
+(
+  cd "$output_dir"
+  find . -maxdepth 1 -type f \
+    \( -name '*.zip' -o -name '*.tar.gz' \) \
+    -printf '%f\n' |
+    sort |
+    xargs sha256sum > SHA256SUMS
+)

src/Jiaowu.Api/Infrastructure/Configuration/EnvironmentFile.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Jiaowu.Api.Infrastructure.Configuration;
+
+public static class EnvironmentFile
+{
+    public const string PathVariableName = "JIAOWU_ENV_FILE";
+
+    public static string? Load(string? path = null)
+    {
+        var configuredPath = path;
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(configuredPath))
+        {
+            configuredPath = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(PathVariableName);
+        }
+
+        var isExplicit = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(configuredPath);
+        var resolvedPath = isExplicit
+            ? Path.GetFullPath(configuredPath!, Environment.CurrentDirectory)
+            : Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, ".env");
+
+        if (!File.Exists(resolvedPath))
+        {
+            if (isExplicit)
+            {
+                throw new FileNotFoundException(
+                    $"环境变量文件不存在：{resolvedPath}",
+                    resolvedPath);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        var values = Parse(resolvedPath);
+        foreach (var (key, value) in values)
+        {
+            if (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(key) is null)
+            {
+                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(key, value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return resolvedPath;
+    }
+
+    private static Dictionary<string, string> Parse(string path)
+    {
+        var values = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        var lineNumber = 0;
+        foreach (var sourceLine in File.ReadLines(path, Encoding.UTF8))
+        {
+            lineNumber++;
+            var line = sourceLine.Trim();
+            if (line.Length == 0 || line.StartsWith('#'))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (line.StartsWith("export ", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                line = line[7..].TrimStart();
+            }
+
+            var separatorIndex = line.IndexOf('=');
+            if (separatorIndex <= 0)
+            {
+                throw InvalidLine(path, lineNumber, "缺少 KEY=VALUE 分隔符");
+            }
+
+            var key = line[..separatorIndex].Trim();
+            if (!IsValidKey(key))
+            {
+                throw InvalidLine(path, lineNumber, $"变量名无效：{key}");
+            }
+
+            var rawValue = line[(separatorIndex + 1)..].Trim();
+            values[key] = ParseValue(path, lineNumber, rawValue);
+        }
+
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    private static string ParseValue(string path, int lineNumber, string rawValue)
+    {
+        if (rawValue.Length == 0)
+        {
+            return string.Empty;
+        }
+
+        if (rawValue[0] == '\'')
+        {
+            if (rawValue.Length < 2 || rawValue[^1] != '\'')
+            {
+                throw InvalidLine(path, lineNumber, "单引号值没有正确闭合");
+            }
+
+            return rawValue[1..^1];
+        }
+
+        if (rawValue[0] != '"')
+        {
+            return rawValue;
+        }
+
+        if (rawValue.Length < 2 || rawValue[^1] != '"')
+        {
+            throw InvalidLine(path, lineNumber, "双引号值没有正确闭合");
+        }
+
+        var value = rawValue[1..^1];
+        var result = new StringBuilder(value.Length);
+        for (var index = 0; index < value.Length; index++)
+        {
+            var current = value[index];
+            if (current != '\\' || index == value.Length - 1)
+            {
+                result.Append(current);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var escaped = value[++index];
+            switch (escaped)
+            {
+                case 'n':
+                    result.Append('\n');
+                    break;
+                case 'r':
+                    result.Append('\r');
+                    break;
+                case 't':
+                    result.Append('\t');
+                    break;
+                case '\\':
+                    result.Append('\\');
+                    break;
+                case '"':
+                    result.Append('"');
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    result.Append('\\');
+                    result.Append(escaped);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result.ToString();
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsValidKey(string key)
+    {
+        if (key.Length == 0 || !(char.IsAsciiLetter(key[0]) || key[0] == '_'))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return key.All(character =>
+            char.IsAsciiLetterOrDigit(character) || character == '_');
+    }
+
+    private static FormatException InvalidLine(
+        string path,
+        int lineNumber,
+        string reason) =>
+        new($"{path} 第 {lineNumber} 行无效：{reason}。");
+}

src/Jiaowu.Api/Jiaowu.Api.csproj

@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
   <ItemGroup>
     <Content Remove="wwwroot\**\*" />
     <Content Update="appsettings.Development.json" CopyToPublishDirectory="Never" />
+    <Content
+      Include="..\..\.env.example"
+      Link=".env.example"
+      CopyToPublishDirectory="PreserveNewest" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

src/Jiaowu.Api/Program.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
 using Jiaowu.Api.Domain.Identity;
+using Jiaowu.Api.Infrastructure.Configuration;
 using Jiaowu.Api.Infrastructure.Auth;
 using Jiaowu.Api.Infrastructure.Exams;
 using Jiaowu.Api.Infrastructure.Middleware;
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@ using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
 using Microsoft.OpenApi.Models;
 using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
 
+EnvironmentFile.Load();
+
 var migrateOnly = args.Contains("--migrate-only", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
 var seedDemoData = args.Contains("--seed-demo-data", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
 var confirmProductionDemoData = args.Contains(

tests/Jiaowu.Api.Tests/EnvironmentFileTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+using Jiaowu.Api.Infrastructure.Configuration;
+
+namespace Jiaowu.Api.Tests;
+
+public sealed class EnvironmentFileTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Load_reads_env_file_without_overwriting_process_environment()
+    {
+        var suffix = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");
+        var existingKey = $"JIAOWU_TEST_EXISTING_{suffix}";
+        var fileKey = $"JIAOWU_TEST_FILE_{suffix}";
+        var pathKey = $"JIAOWU_TEST_PATH_{suffix}";
+        var directory = CreateTemporaryDirectory();
+        var path = Path.Combine(directory, ".env");
+        await File.WriteAllLinesAsync(
+            path,
+            [
+                "# comment",
+                $"export {existingKey}=from-file",
+                $"{fileKey}=first",
+                $"{fileKey}='value;with#characters'",
+                $"{pathKey}=\"C:\\certs\\mysql-ca.pem\""
+            ]);
+        Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(existingKey, "from-process");
+
+        try
+        {
+            var loadedPath = EnvironmentFile.Load(path);
+
+            Assert.Equal(Path.GetFullPath(path), loadedPath);
+            Assert.Equal(
+                "from-process",
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(existingKey));
+            Assert.Equal(
+                "value;with#characters",
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(fileKey));
+            Assert.Equal(
+                @"C:\certs\mysql-ca.pem",
+                Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(pathKey));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(existingKey, null);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(fileKey, null);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(pathKey, null);
+            Directory.Delete(directory, recursive: true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Load_rejects_an_explicit_missing_file()
+    {
+        var path = Path.Combine(
+            Path.GetTempPath(),
+            $"jiaowu-missing-{Guid.NewGuid():N}",
+            ".env");
+
+        var exception = Assert.Throws<FileNotFoundException>(
+            () => EnvironmentFile.Load(path));
+
+        Assert.Equal(Path.GetFullPath(path), exception.FileName);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Load_reports_the_line_number_for_malformed_values()
+    {
+        var directory = CreateTemporaryDirectory();
+        var path = Path.Combine(directory, ".env");
+        await File.WriteAllLinesAsync(
+            path,
+            [
+                "# comment",
+                "Jwt__Key=\"not-closed"
+            ]);
+
+        try
+        {
+            var exception = Assert.Throws<FormatException>(
+                () => EnvironmentFile.Load(path));
+
+            Assert.Contains("第 2 行", exception.Message);
+            Assert.Contains("没有正确闭合", exception.Message);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            Directory.Delete(directory, recursive: true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string CreateTemporaryDirectory()
+    {
+        var path = Path.Combine(
+            Path.GetTempPath(),
+            "jiaowu-env-tests",
+            Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+        return path;
+    }
+}